Units+8

Map Analysis on pg. 833 and 839
The United States in Latin America, 1954-2001
 * United States feared that weak government structure in Latin America would be vulnerable to communist take over like Cuba and was forced to intervene.
 * Expanding the support and enforcing the containment policy
 * Anti-Nixon riots (1958) - not every nation looked forward to US intervention
 * Like the president Theodore Roosevelt term, US supported one of the sides who were in civil war.

The War in Vietnam and Indochina, 1964-1975
 * North Vietnam is bordered to China (communism) and China could easily aid them
 * South Vietnam is bordered to Cambodia and Laos. It is at close to sea like North.
 * In 1970, US and South Vietnam invaded Cambodia territory
 * Partition Line 1954 is the border between North and South Vietnam and it is also DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)
 * Ho Chi Minh Trail - the general path in which the communist (North Vietnam) sent supplies.

Vietnam War Timeline

 * ======** Battle of Dienbienphu ** (May 7, 1954) - 40,000 heavily armed Vietminh attacked French stronghold in Dienbienphu. It was impossible for French army to receive supplies by air. The situation was clear that the battle wouldn't end easily if the French was to win. In 1963, the French surrendered**.**======
 * ** Geneva Conference ** (1954) - The international conference at Geneva agenda was to settle the Korean dispute and also the dispute in Vietnam. The conference in Geneva eneded the conflict Vietnam in which Vietnam would be temporarily partitioned along the 17th parallel. Vietminh would control the North while pro-Western regime would control the South. In 1956, there would be an election for each side from South and North to reunite the country under a single government.
 * ** Ho Chi Minh Trail ** (1959) - the Ho Chi Minh Trail became stretagic point for North in the beginning of 1960. North Vietnam forms Group 559 to begin infiltrating cadres and weapons into South Vietnam via the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
 * ** National Liberation Front(NLF) and Viet Cong ** - it was established in South to overthrow the Diem nationalist governemnt.
 * ** President Lyndon B. Johnson ** (1963-1965 and 1966-1969) - After President Kennedy assassination, Johnson assumed office. He was unexperienced and had to continue the policies of his predecessor which was international security. Therefore, Johnson was pro-war and was one of the cause of American intervention to war in Vietnam.
 * ** Gulf of Tonkin Resolution ** (August, 1964) - No one doubt President Johnson portrayal of the situation in Southeast Asia and didn't doubt the accuracy of American destroyers, who were patroling the Gulf of Tonkin, being destroyed by North torpedo boats. The resulotion authorized Johnson full extent to protect American troops and stop further aggression.
 * ** Tet Offensives ** (January 31, 1968) - the communist forces from North and Viet Cong sweeped down to South territory and captured several key cities. Although American forces responded to recapture the cities and militarliy won, it was a psychological and political victory for communists because of American national crisis with pressure from the public to end the war.
 * ** Nixon v. Humphrey ** (1968) - The 1968 election was between Nixon and Humphrey. Nixon won by a slight margin with the campaign "Peace with Honor" which people thought signified that America would get out of the war with dignity.
 * ** Battle for Hue ** (February 1968) - The Battle for Hue wages for 26 days as US and South Vietnamese forces try to recapture the site seized by the Communists during the Tet Offensive.
 * ** Mai Lai Massacre ** (March 16, 1968) - Lieutenant William Cally approved the murdering of over 300 South Vietnamese soldiers and later he was convicted.
 * ** Paris Accords ** (Jan 27, 1973) - Both side agreed to restore peace and follow the armistice.
 * ** Fall of Saigon ** (March 1975) - When North launched an attack, US refused to help. On April 1975, North seized control of South and named the capital Ho Chi Minh City.

1965 video - Why Vietnam?
 * agression unchallanged, agression unleashed - 1938, Hitler say he will stop expanding but didn't
 * weakness does not bring peace
 * end of French colonial rule in Geneva conference
 * million of people left to south who didn't want to live under communist rule
 * we are commited to helping free people to maintain their sovreignty
 * Ho Chi Minh plays the grandfather role but inside wanted to reign terror over south that included woman and children
 * 1954, sent money to aid south to rebuild
 * Hanoi, many noncommunist (children, women) were killed by Viet Cong
 * South Vietnam was becoming industrialized and was bad in the eyes from communists

Historian Opinion

 * The Vietnam War was all about the choosing the economic systems that two world greatest power are using, communism and capitalism. Both sides of the North and South basically wanted to reunite but the disagreement of the system caused rise in war. With the Korean War ended few years ago in 1953, the indochina was just another place in which the nations had to choose communist society or capitalistic society. People are aware that the government and economic system in US and USSR is the reason of flourishing country, and they are spreading it. The people in Vietnam wanted to change their own government system, but nations like Vietnam who couldn't choose one of the systems led to civil war which caused nations to divide like North and South Korea. The war was not only the national crisis of Vietnam but also international crisis between US and USSR who became the top world power after WWII. The influence of two nations were causing the abrupt war in Asia and Europe (during and little after WWII).
 * Catherine's opinion**: the war was caused after Geneva Conference. The North wanted to reunite, however, the South and US refused.
 * Catherine's opinion**: the war was caused after Geneva Conference. The North wanted to reunite, however, the South and US refused.


 * Angela's opinion**: Vietnam was similar to civil war in America. It was because of communism that cuased the war in which both sides wanted their own desire. The North wanted reunite and spread communism from inside while South and US refused to allow Vietnam to reunite.


 * Class's opinion**: containment of communism, fighting for most powerful country in the world - US president was maybe forced to interfere because Johnson didn't want the country to look weak, continuation of containment policy (Truman's Doctrine)

The New Left
MI: the New Left was a group of young people who challanged the conventional idea from universities while politically questioning the authority from the government. It was also to commit themselves to social causes that undermined minorities.
 * Students for Democratic Society (SDS) - before the organization was created, young white people commited themselves to liberating African Americans, but realized the brutality and entrenched racism in the south and began to consider broader political commitments.
 * Free Speech Movement - as the name states, the movement was the right to freely pursue the students causes such as political issues and freely debate them over universites campus.
 * 1967-1969 (few years be4 Nixon became president) - throughout the years, many students protested in large numbers against the war in Vietnam, and the prodution and research for weapons. Their protests attracted national attention and there were small and large protests around the nation.

Counterculture
MI: The counterculture was basically opposite of the cultures in America.
 * Hippies were group of young people who were under 30s. They hated the values and conventions of middle class society.
 * while also commiting themselves to the cause, the hippies created own new culture that were different traditional culture such as doing drugs and advocating sexuality which reflected the hippies's idea of freedom.

Feminism

 * a belief that all woman could liberate themselves from sexual discrimination in all parts.

Women's Liberation

 * women's movement attitude changed toward aggressive tactics in which the women would band together for liberation against sexual discrimination.
 * free will and choice
 * equal pay for equal work and equal opporturnities
 * get involved in politics
 * to get divorce and support themselves

Roe v. Wade

 * Abortion was illegalized in 1965 by Supreme Court in Griswold v. Connecticut. However, the controversy in issue of abortion was unsettled when Supreme Court relegalized abortion in Roe v. Wade. The Court legalized it based on consitutuency of "the right to privacy".

Domestic Affairs

 * After President Reagon became the president in 1980, there was an emerge of stronger right (conservatives) and had many support many support from the wealthiests
 * Proposition 13 - decreased taxes (instead of attacking the government)
 * Reaganomics
 * Reduce Growth of Government spending.
 * Reduce Income Tax and Capital Gains Tax.
 * Reduce Government regulation.
 * Control the money supply to reduce inflation.
 * "Trickle" down economic - Lassiez-Faire capitalism
 * Welfare cut - the federal deficit was so high that the government had to cut welfare programs to reduce government spending including funds for military purposes.
 * Recession of 1990 - the corporate and bank dangerously expanded and there was unstability in the infrastructure that caused many banks and businesses to declare bankruptcies.

Foreign Affairs

 * After Mikhail Gorbachev became the new leader in Soviet, there was a great decline in communism influence and up to the extent that communism went almost extinct in Soviet.
 * Salt I and Salt II:an agreement between the two powerful nations, USSR and USA, to reduce conflict and international conflict
 * China was undergoing changes but communism still existed in China
 * Tianamen Square - the Chinese government massacred the reform protestors in Beijing
 * Iraq-Kuwait War - Iraq invaded Kuwait because of petroleum issues