Units+4

__Unit 4__
What was meant by the Far West? the Frontier? The Far West was believed to be west of Mississippi River of barren and deserted area that was unfit for civilization. The earlier travelers called the far west, "Great American Desert" (Arizona desert). It became a place for individual prospector and many rushed to California during the 1848-1849 gold rush. The Frontier was an empty land awaiting for settlement and civilization. The Frontier was romanticized of the nature, the already established society especially the cowboys who were said to be free from the eastern society influence, and the geographical feature of the west that was fit for farming notably the Great Plain by the individuals (Rocky Mountain School painters, Fredereic Remington, Frederick Jackson Turner). It was also a place of prosperity most notably the gold rush which the individual prospectors tried to discover gold in the west to get "rich". In the eyes of whites from east, the frontier were Garden of Eden with full of opportunities and serene.

__﻿The Development of the West__

 * Buffalo were principal economic and food source for the Indians. It was also an economic source for the whites who wanted buffalo hides, robes, leather to be sold in the east. The whites in the east wanted a taste of what was like to be in the west and the buffalo was a source of it. Therefore, the buffalo became nearly extinct when all of the people in the west including Indians killed buffalo for profits. Killing buffalo became a source of killing boredom and loneliness in the west.
 * in 1865, there had been at least 15 million buffalo; a decade later, fewer than a thousand of the buffalo survived.
 * The Chinese migrants flooded into United States through Pacific Ocean. At first, the Whites openly welcomed the Chinese migrants because it became a source of labor that was needed in the west. Later on, some Chinese actually became prosperous and began to compete with the others which produced resentment toward Chinese from whites. The Chinese worked in any conditions and low wages. Because of this, the whites prefered Chinese instead of working whites. At first the Chinese worked as a miner and became prosperous but that was fleeting away when the California legislature passed "foreign miners" tax to restrict all of the races except whites from working in mining. As job opportunity in mining was fleeting away, working in railroads grew. 90 percent of the workers in Central Pacific consisted of Chinese. When they finished building the transcontinental railroad, many of the Chinese worked as truck farmers, common agriculture picking fruits for low wages, and other low wages job.
 * Established Chinatown in the west
 * Anti-Coolie Clubs was formed to discriminate the Chinese and others who worked for low wages and took away white jobs.
 * Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882 that barred the Chinese from coming into United States. The law also barred Chinese already living in United States from becoming a US citizen
 * Railroads were crucial to the west. After 1869 when transcontinental railroad was complete, the company promoted western settlement through advertising. The company also received large amount of land from the government and sold the land to speculator or anyone who wants a piece of western land. They offered credits equally to everyone and a low price of riding the train making it possible for anyone to journey to the frontier. The completion of transcontinental railroad made transportation between west and east much easier. It also made traveling faster and easier than traveling by wagons. Railroad was not only crucial economically, it also affected social life of western society. So many daring travelers traveled to the west carrying them their culture, and tradition.

Chapter 17 - Industrial Supremacy preview (also called 2nd Industrial Revolution)
Occured 1850s - 1910s. During this period, it was a rapid growth development in industry. United States was leading industry in the world


 * improved steel production
 * advanced technology and development in professional
 * expansion of the railroad making transprotation easier. a lot of investment was needed to do the large project.
 * the new modern capitalism of investors not taking responsibility for the corporation debt
 * an irish immigrant moving up the social class
 * building the wealth of individual based on abilities
 * the surivival of the fittest. if the company cannot compete with the others, the company might declare bankruptcy
 * the time period was not only involved industry.It was also building in culture.
 * the growing capitalism increased the number of lower social class and decrease wealthy people
 * More immigrants came into United States
 * Child labors
 * National Labor Union was established so that they work to improve and benefit the workers
 * workers go on strike for more benefits
 * restricting and opposing female from working

__**John D. Rockefeller**__ Andrew Canigie Taylorism
 * born in July 8, 1839 on a farm in Richmond, New York
 * Move to Cleveland in 1853
 * formed a first partnership with Maruaice Clark in Cleveland (1859)
 * Entered oil industry in 1863 as refiners. Samuel Andrew who was experienced in oil refining partnered up with Clark & Rockefeller. Additional to this new partnership, two of Clark's brothers entered into the partnership and build Andrews, Clark & Co.
 * Had a dispute of whether to expand the corporation.
 * Rockefeller bought interest of Clark for $72,500 (1865) and swiftly expanded his business by investing his profits into his business. The company became very sucessful was because after the Civil War, Cleveland was said to be one of the five main refining centers in US.
 * Organized The Standard Oil Company with his brother William, Samuel Andrews, Henry M. Flagler, Stephen V. Harkness and O. B. Jennings. Most of his partners were related to him. This shows that he doesn't have much trust in others than his own family.
 * Begin his vertical integeration when the prices of oil was dropping and began controlling nearly all of the refining firms in Cleveland. He was beginning to control almost all of the oil companies in US.
 * Standard Oil Company changed its name to Standard Oil Trust in 1882. It became so large that many other companies similar to his corporation was alarmed.
 * Other than becoming richest man in the history of United States, he was well into financing researches that included medical researches which was unrelated to his interest in oil refining. He was taught by his mother that charity and
 * irish immigrant
 * Created Homestead Steel Work
 * Sold his company for over 400 million dollars
 * donated large amount his money to donation for universities and researches
 * created more effient for workers
 * many people used machines instead of skill workers
 * although some people got fired, people who kept his jobs got higher wages

media type="custom" key="8009978"
[|Click to enlarge]

__**Horatio Alger**__
 * became a write in New York after being driven away because of sexual scandal
 * Wrote more than 100 books that sold 20 million copies
 * the ones that were popular were //Andy Grant's Pluck, Ragged Dick, Tom the Bootlack, Sink or Swim.//
 * Most of his books promoted the concept of Self Made-Men and how the protagonist of the novel became rich from ragged background
 * The novels had a big impact on societies. It encourages young people to take risks like Rockefeller and gave hope to achieve their American dream.
 * __Louise May Alcott__**
 * Her famous novel was //Little Women// published in 1871
 * her novels focuses on women and believed that women can have intellectual independence and achievement.
 * In her novel, //Little Women,// the protagonist, Jo March, became a writer like Alcott and achieved her dream without being disturbed of social restriction.

Imperialism

 * Define Imperialism
 * industrialized country dominating underdeveloped country
 * Britain taking over India and much of territory in Asia
 * Country spreading their economic or political influence
 * United States expanding their economy in China by setting up businesses and export those products to America
 * Empire building
 * Territorial Expanision
 * American buying Alaska
 * Motivation for doing it
 * to show off of their power
 * having power so that no one can intimidate them
 * to benefit for the citizens
 * to bring glory and power
 * manifest destiny
 * Examples of U.S. Imperialism
 * U.S. had control over Philippines and Puerto Rico after American-Spanish War
 * America bought Alaska
 * America bought Alaska

**__Spanish - American War (1896)__**
//This sugar plantation in Cuba was crucial to Cuba economy.//
 * __What:__**
 * the short lived war was between United States and Spain. America first intention was to aid Cuba and other Spanish colonies for independence but as war progress to the end, American changed their mind and conquered them.
 * __Who:__**
 * Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst published yellow newspaper to arouse American citizens to sympathize toward Cubans.
 * Cuban allied itself with American against Spain for independence.
 * General Valeriano Weyler hastily set up Cuban concentration camp.
 * __Where:__**
 * most of the battles were fought in issue of winning the independance for Cuban as well as Phillipines, Puerto Ricans, and Guam
 * __When:__**
 * Cuba declaed for independence in 1895
 * Hearst published de Lome letter in February, 1898 which further proved that Spanish were coward and unworthy.
 * Battleship //Maine// blew up in Havana harbor (Spanish territory) and killed 260 men who boarded that ship (February, 1898)
 * On April 25, America declared war on Spain
 * May 1, 1898, George Dewey was able to drive away Spanish soldiers in Phillippines
 * On July 16, U.S. navy won against the Spanish in surrounding water in Cuba
 * August 12, Spain agreed to armistice which ended the war.
 * __Why;__**
 * In the beginning, the Americans only intention was to help the Cubans and other Spanish colonies who were in need of help to fight against Spain for Independence. As the war progress to the end, American began to be imperialist and expand its territory by conquering Phillippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. All the islands that American obtained from the war all had sugar base plantation economy which was would benefit the Americans.

What is your thesis of United States history, 1781 to 1915? -Throughout the history of United States from 1781 up to 1951, America was slowly but surely rising up to be conspicious with its own unique culture, social, and becoming the leading economnist.

Daniel - United States history from 1781 to 1915, challenge against Britain helped to creat American government.

Group Thesis (Angela, Catherine, Daniel) From the years 1781 to 1915, the economical, political, and social growth and ideas show that America was creating its own unique culture and advancements[|. It] was a quickly developing into powerful nation that followed the same pattern of growth as the older nations.

__Suportting the thesis __
 * Imperialism
 * Dwanism
 * Industrial Revolution
 * Different ethnic groups coming to America
 * Unique government system
 * Reconstruction era
 * Social classes
 * Capitilism
 * Pop Culture and High Culture
 * Urbanization
 * Yellow Journalism

- Overtime, culture have became unique in America. There were transitions of entertainment (music, movie, etc.). __**Globalization**__
 * __Culture__**
 * In the beginning of 1781, United States didn't have any unique cultures. All the cultures up to 1781 was immitated from their native country, Britain.
 * When more immigrants flooded United States by mid 1900, they brought their own unique cultures and intergrated with already existed American culture.
 * Celebrating Jewish holidays (Hanukkah, etc.)
 * Speaking different languages
 * Eating varieties of food ranging from Indian food to
 * the idea of wanting to expand is continuously arising in the needs of the united states
 * expanding internationally
 * imperialism: United States, in the late 19th century, was looking outward to expand their power by using political and economic influence on other nations
 * growth of trade, industry, and technology
 * rising navy power that was crucial to United States imperialism