Units+6


 * [[Unit VI Homework|

Unit VI Homework]]

**__U.S. Steps to the war__**

 * 1) Declaration of Neutrality (1914) - never neutral
 * 2) Economic and historical ties with Britain (1914)
 * Supplying Britain and France for war
 * 1) Sinking of Lustania (May 7, 1915)
 * 2) Military preparation
 * 3) Wilson reelection in 1916
 * 4) Zimmermann Telegram (Feb 25, 1917)
 * 5) German submarines torpedoed three American ships
 * 6) Russian Revolution - withdrawal from war
 * 7) Declaration of War on Germany (April 6, 1917)

Postwar America
 * racial tension
 * race riots
 * economic recession
 * labor issues
 * holds the leading power in the world
 * Red Scare
 * Warren G. Harding was elected president
 * "Normalcy" - returning everything to normal (no riots, no recession, etc.)

**Chapter 24 - New Era**

 * "Roaring Twenties" - culture frivolity (celebration, music, dance clubs)
 * decade of change; social, economic, and political
 * battle between conservatism and liberalism[[image:steamboat_willie.jpg width="183" height="250" align="right" caption="It was a popular cartoon that began in 1928 and target children"]]
 * The Cinema**
 * technology of cinema emerged in France, Britain, and United States
 * produced large amount of films that out rivaled other nations
 * the most viewed films around the world were from United States
 * Walt Disney's Micky Mouse cartoons was popular
 * popularity became a problem
 * Soviet Union countered Micky Mouse by creating its own heroic character
 * France banned American Films
 * owned 40% of world's cinemas
 * had less competition than music because American film industries were influential around the world and had set supremacy
 * Bollywood in India produced many films as many as American industry but few were exported
 * in 1980s, China rivaled American film industry by creating violent films (martial arts)
 * Dance Halls**
 * dances halls were popular for socializing and entertainment
 * when african american spread their culture[[image:charleston-dance-steps-200X200.jpg align="right" caption="Charleston Dance that goes along with jazz music was popular in 1920s. It is a basic dance move that involves sending your heels in opposite direction."]]
 * radio and phonograph helped spread the new culture
 * women and men could gather in one spot without gender barrier
 * money was not a problem because bars were close so more money for men (18th amendment close the bar) and dance halls were only place left for young people to go
 * millions of Americans flocked to dance halls, a place to show off etc.
 * the new music called people in, but critics said that the new culture ruins life and maligned the one that were good dance halls
 * the less "populated" halls were more criminal in their enterprise, the official ones distanced themselves form them
 * the halls were full of immigrants also
 * Dance halls weren't all god, segregation still existed within the giant rooms

**The Decline of the "Self-Made Man"**
MI - the idea of become success based on effort and talent was deteriorating. To become successful, people need education and training including efort and talent to move up social mobility.
 * the system to path of success was confusing man and had mix feeling of how to become successful
 * Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, and Charles Lindbergh was successful without formal education (product of old era and beginning of new era)

Top 5 Trends in 1920s

 * the grow in consumerism -- people were buying more goods because of the economic growth and the increases in wage.
 * The Conversitism vs Liberalism - Scopes Monkey Trail was the first televised trial. It signifies that the Bible can interpreted in many different ways.
 * the rural became more modern and felt to hold on to their traditional morals (conservatism).
 * women were less domesticated and pursuing individuality - these women were called flappers and wore short skirts, seductive clothes, short hair, and used cosmetics. Instead of reading or do housework, women from all social classes went to dance halls and clubs.
 * the belief in education and training as well as effort and talent is necessary to succeed - the myth of self-made man which talent and effort was necessary to be wealthy.

Roaring Twenties; Trends
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Chapter 25 - The Great Depression

 * Stock market crashed in 1929 and the beginning of the Great Depression
 * everyone was unsettled to find jobs. Whites used their superiority and fought against blacks for jobs.
 * Federal Reserves needs revenue and raised interest rates causing other banks to raise interest rates as well to even it out.
 * Communist Party stages hunger march in Washington - the first time Socialism and Communism gained their pinnacle power because everyone "equal" treatment and get food.
 * Banking crisis in 1932 - not many people were able to pay back loans ---> the whole economy infrastructure
 * Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal in 1933
 * Communist and Socialist Party was at their pinnacle
 * What was the New Deal after Franklin Roosevelt was elected for presidency in 1933?

**Stock Market**

 * Stock market is public - meaning everyone from around the world can buy a piece of share.
 * shares were bought through middle-men - stocks cannot be bought directly from corporation.
 * The price of stock increase or decreases partly depend on how the company is doing and shareholders (more selling = decrease, more buying = increase)
 * Depending on the company finance, the prices on stock changes.
 * Stock market is connected through the world nation[[image:http://www.why2buy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/stock-market-for-dummies.jpg width="340" height="240" align="right"]]
 * the share holders lose or gain money when you sell the stocks.
 * when the company goes bankrupt and closed down, the money is in the product and stock market goes way down. The share holders lose tons of money (depending on how much they bought)

Causes of Great Depression

 * 1929: the stock market crashes signaling the beginning of the Great Depression on Black Tuesday
 * 1930: the ten year drought begins in the South and Mid-west ( the Dust Bowl)
 * 1931: the Communist Party holds a hunger strike in Washington
 * 1932: the Reconstruction Finance Corporation is established
 * 1932: the banking crisis begins
 * 1933: President Franklin D. Roosevelt inaugurated (the New Deal begins)
 * 1935: the American Communist Party proclaims the Popular Front
 * Causes of the Depression: lack of diversification, maldistribution of wealth, declining exports, and unstable international debt structure

Causes of American Downturn

 * overproduction - not enough demand b/c workers didn't have money to buy goods
 * decline in exports - there wasn't enough demand from Europe and other continent
 * Farmers were in continuous debt as well as small business
 * the infrastructure of banking system was not enough conservative to support loans for long term (dangerously giving out loans)
 * Global debt structure --> results from WWI (reparation of Germany and the Ally debts to US)
 * Concentrated on few industries: cars and construction - when those industries fell from their overproduction, the economy with it fell
 * small percent of Americans were controlling the wealth - not enough circulation of money
 * Too much investing in stock market (over speculation on stocks) - people didn't know whether the price of stock market decreased or increased. Nevertheless, people still invested without knowing.
 * Stock market crash - result from over speculation

Steps to make a downturn to depression

 * high percentage of unemployment
 * severe contraction - business getting smaller
 * banking system and itself collapsed
 * small farm banks were spiraled in debt because farmers weren't able to pay back their loans (mutable farm goods leading to little or not profits for farmers)
 * investments on products was never bought

What can a government do when there is an economic depression?

 * Increase welfare
 * regulate the market
 * increase or create tariff
 * plans to help create better banking system
 * restrict overproduction (pass laws to do it)

**Hoover's attempt to stop Great Depression**
Key Concept: the Bonus army - Hoover was dragging the WWI veterans and used the army to quell the protest who were demanding bonuses. The bonus wasn't suppose to be given out until 1945.
 * Assossociationalism failed that he proposed during his election.
 * To use government fundings to attempt and create jobs by doing public works programs (building parks, libraries, etc) and used $423 million. Hoover slowed down and didn't want to use too much federal money to put US in debt.
 * he believed in lasseiz-faire
 * Congress passed Agricultural Marketing Act in April 1929 to raise and maintain agricultural goods by cooperatives buying extra goods (surplus food). Hoover also passed Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 to try and eliminate foreign competition by raising import on agricultural goods.
 * Hoover used government budget to loan money to companies so that sooner or later the companies won't declare bankruptcies.

**Great Depression**
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**FDR movie**

 * laissez-faire capitlism was not working
 * many people believed that it would be the end of capitalism
 * FDR was confident that America could do anything and believed that he can restore the economy
 * won 60% of popular vote and became president in 1933 after his inaugration
 * "the only thing we have to fear is feat itself" - FDR quote in inaugural speech
 * would use executive power to fight the Great Depression (thought of it as a war)
 * locked the individual business to get into agreement

FDR NEW DEAL
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 * Banking holiday
 * called Congress into special session - shows that he was serous about changing the country even though he was elected
 * both houses were democratic - can do anything the president want
 * low alcohol percentage
 * AAA was passed - government would pay to farmers if they cut off farming acres and slaughter livestock (grow less)
 * only farmed owners recieved the money --- not the workers (fired the workers whose jobs was a part of the farming acres)
 * governemnt became the largest employer
 * 250,000 CCC jobs to unemployed youth
 * NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) or NRA
 * planned economy - communist dictatorship
 * Union were legally recongnized - minimum of $12 for 40 hours work week (blue collar jobs)
 * boom and bust is no more ( people showed support by people marching down the 5th avenue)
 * Columbian University - known as the braintrust that would be direct adivsor under Roosevelt
 * Francis Parkin - the first women to serve in president cabinet .... labor secretary
 * Radios united people together behind Roosevelt
 * informal talks by Roosevelt - called fireside chat
 * nobody would miss the fireside chat even from the critics

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FDR's New Deal: Top 6 Programs
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New Deal's Legacy

 * Electoral Realignment - African American and others votes shifted to Democrats
 * Physicial Products:
 * TVA
 * WPA - the biggest New Deal jobs program and still goes on today. They construct building or renovated public buildings that is funded by the government
 * Social Security - SS
 * Federal Deposit Insurance FDI - the government was established to give confidence to depositors that they will recieve the money back if the bank declare bankruptcy
 * SEC was to regulate stock market
 * Deficit Spending - Keynesian econmics (using borrowed money)
 * Keyes Cain believed that deficit spending is not bad as long as it producing positive outcome
 * The Government role and power increased
 * Broker State - The govenrment became the mediator and protector of coalition/interest groups (labor movement, organized agricultural economy, etc.). The economic competition is overseed by the government and limit the power of individual competitors.
 * Federal welfare was established and many looked toward the government for economic problems or crisis.
 * The distinction of federal power and state power.
 * The New Deal programs didn't help to ease the racial injustices in 1930s. Many believed that it actually amplified discrimination and became justification for whites to discriminate different ethnics.
 * CCC established segregated camps
 * TVA excluded many blacks from employment
 * WPA assigned jobs to Black, Hipanics, and Asian workers that were least skilled work and unlikely to be asked by whites.
 * The New Deal didn't challenge the Jim Crow law in south
 * The New Deal was focused on economic changes and didn't push for social changes.
 * There were little gains for women, Native Americans, and African American.
 * New Deal agenda was to help recover the economy but the New Deal's programs were only reliefing the economy