Units+3


 * Unit III works

__﻿Expansion of cotton, slavery, and plantation in 19th century of America__
Alabama slave plantation was usually 500 to 1,000 plus acres. In the image shown above, the little square was the size of a 1,000 acres plantation in the 19th century of America. This shows that many plantation owners in the South heavily relies on the agriculture. With the plantation range of 500 to 1,000 plus acres, plantation owners divide the land into sections and plant crops base on the consumer need such as cotton, pumpkin, sugar, rice. This enormous land of plantation required copious of people to attend the crops. Slavery was number one solution to the problem and not many plantation owners were wealthy enough to purchase slave. However, those who were wealthy bought slaves in slave market and some brought slaves to the southwest that introduced slavery into southwest. Slavery working condition varied from plantation to plantation depending on the slave owner. Some worked under the method called task system which slaves were assigned a task and when finished, they were free for the rest of day. Some worked under the method called gang system which slaves were divided into groups and had to work many hours depending on the overseer as he considered it a reasonable workday. Slave owners who let their slaves to work under task system wanted to lessen harsh working condition in order to decrease the death rate.

The map above is the cotton belt in 1850s. This shows the increase populartit

**__19th Century Southern Society__**
media type="custom" key="7485741" [|Click to enlarge]

__Chapter 12 Preview- Antebellum Culture and Reform__

 * antebellum - before war. In this chapter, it is directing to before Civil War.
 * artist in america wanted to capture "sublime" scene, the feeling of awe and wonderment

**__Temperance Movement__**
Temperance - the morality and self control of an action. Prohibition - the act of illegalizing the production of alcohol.
 * **Moderation**

Temperance Movement was basically the reformers during mid 1900s wanted to restraint the use of alcohol. Alcohol became such a problem in United States that many families were neglected and the money from salaries were used up by men to buy alcohol. A lot of reformers were setting the morality of alcoholics. Most of these reformers were mostly women wanting their husbands to quit their addiction of alchol and among the supporters there were alcoholics who wanted to repent their sins.

In this picture, it shows step by step process of an individual event of drinking. It totals of nine step. At the first step, it was only for a leisure activity with a friend. Reasons and lies were soon needed to satisfy an individual thirst for alcohol. When an individual was out of money, he was abandoned by their drinking friends, and the addiction was needed to be satisfied which led to crime and other ways to get money that will soon lead to his deathbed. During this whole process, there is an image of a woman and a child under the steps. After the 5th step, women were greatly pressured to do something to feed their children and get through the slump. Even before the 5th step, women felt the negligent of their husband because they needed the necessities and often the wives and children were abused by the wives drunken husband. The picture of the woman and a child under the bridge signifies how they were below the bridge of alcohol addiction, and women can't do anything to stop it which resulted the production of poverty and crimes.

Reform in the 1800s media type="custom" key="7600013" [|Click to enlarge]

p.340 - Expanding Settlement, 1810-1850
 * __Chapter 13 Maps__**
 * Before 1810 most of the settlement occured in the east of United States even though there was a lot of lands in west from Louisiana Purchase
 * From 1810-1830 white settlers had moved little to the west and a little deeper to the middle of United State. The expansion occured because of the cotton expansion that occured in 1820s. Many Mormons had moved to west because of opportunity to settle without having to be disturbed.
 * From 1830-1850 white settlers had began to settle in far west because the attracting land had made farmers moved to California. Mormons in the Salt Lake City and the Americans moving into the Texas territory because of the intermediaries.

p.345 Western Trails in 1860
 * The early Mormon Trails discovered by the migrator to find settlement without being persecuted by the surrounding had helped many other white settlers who wanted to move west as a result of the attraction that a territory gives.
 * Many of these trails lead to California which attracted merchants and later on farmers who settled in Secremento Valley

p.349 The Mexican War, 1846-1848
 * Most of the war during the Mexican War was won by the Americans from the help of white settlers who were ready to overthrow Mexican government.
 * Even in the interior of Mexico, United States was able to win the battles(Mexico City, Cerro Gordo) which shows Mexico military power during the mid-1800s. The American army moving into Mexican territory shows the feeling of wanting to control every land in the world.
 * The war with Mexico shows the ideology of Manifest Destiny and the growing feeling of nationalism was significant in Westward expansion. The war also had oppositions that the disputed territories and the annexation of Texas would upset the balance of slave state and free state.

p.350 Southwestern Expansion, 1845-1853
 * When Mexico fought for the independence, Mexico territory expanded to Texas and large area of that includes California, Utah, New Mexico.

Theme: Westward Expasion Causes -
 * Treaties; purchases
 * War
 * Manifest Destiny - United States fate to control all of the American land.
 * democracy - the government that they set up is special and righteous
 * all of the events occuring during Industrial Revolution had played role because they believed that God had helped them grow and became rivals with the Great Britain; cotton expansion, growing textile industries, many more
 * immigration
 * gold, land, entrepreneurs
 * James K. Polk

p.354 Slave and Free Territories under the Compromise of 1850
 * All of the states and territory under the Compromise of 1850. The Missouri compromise line was not used. Utah and New Mexico territory was left up to the upcoming governments.
 * The Popular Sovereignty was used up Utah and New Mexico. The Popular Sovereignty was popular because it is democratic and everyone can take part like electing a president.
 * South Carolina had 57.5 slaves as percentage of total population. Most of the big slaver percentage was in the deep south where agriculture play major part in economy; Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia... etc.

Background Causes of the Civil War Advantage and disadvantage of North and South
 * economic differences
 * issue over slavery; manifest destiny which led to newly created states
 * Kansas-Nebraska Act
 * Lecompton Constitution
 * Kansas Bleeding; violence
 * attack on Harper's Ferry
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin
 * Dred Scot Decision
 * Election of 1860
 * Fort Sumter
 * secession
 * North had more railroads, factories, more people
 * south had to rely on Europe for guns and trade
 * south had a defensive war, and had a lot of support
 * north fighting offensive war, had to recieve supplies from north, support was shaky
 * if the south had made an improtant victory, support would crumble, north would want peace

Economic Measures taken by the North 11: Civil War a) Two societies at war: mobilization, resources, and internal dissent b) Military strategies and foreign diplomacyUS made Europe stay out of the war, weakening the South and keeping it a one-front warGrant, without strategies, used brute force, using sheer numbers to beat the south. c) Emancipation and the role of African Americans in the warthey fought with the north whitesdidn't have much rightsmost of them worked for menial labor d) Social, political, and economic effects of war in the North, South, and West
 * sell public lands to finance the needs in north such as for war, education, etc.
 * creating new national bank to hold the currency value
 * begin to construct transcontinental railroad
 * made green money, backed by good faith and credit of the government
 * issued paper money
 * sold bonds to borrow money from citizens

12: Reconstruction a) Presidential and Radical Reconstruction b) Southern state governments: aspirations, achievements, failures c) Role of African Americans in politics, education, and the economy d) Compromise of 1877 e) Impact of Reconstruction

__**DIfferent Perspective of Civil War**__
__Lincoln__ - he was forced to openly accept the war because if he allowed the south to secede, the Constitution would become a defect and there wouldn't be central order. After the war, Lincoln wanted to quickly let the seceded states to readmit by using the 10% Percent plan. He couldn't let the seceded states to easily readmit without something being done because it would seem that Civil War didn't happen. __Grant__ - He was a war hero of the Civil War and even after the war ended he still remained in command of the the army to ensure black voters right in the South. Grant was a greater advocator of Lincoln. He wanted to reunite the Union and he did so with his military leadership during and after the war but he argued against the view of radical reconstructionists who thought white southerners was to be punished for the Civil War. __Johnson__ - He believed that "white men alone must mange the South." He supported the Wade-Davis Bill Johnson, unlike Lincoln, was harsh toward freedman.He didn't support any bills that allowed equal rights of freed slaves. Johnson vetoed the bill to extand the life of the Freedmen's Bureau and the first Civil Rights Act. Both bills were proposed to aid the freed slaves to get equal rights and get on track like every white men. __Freed African Americans__ - A lot of the enslaved African Americans supported the Civil for obvious reason. When the war was over, they believed was finally there time to make something of their lives and soon found out that the lives of freed man was hard. __Southern view__ - The white southerners didn't advocate the 13th, 14th, 15th Amendment. They wanted to rebuild their antebellum society and the white supremacy. __Conservative Republicans__ - The Conservative Republicans view were different from Radical Republicans. They wanted to let the seceded states to readmit quickly and were advocate of the 10% percent plan that Lincoln proposed.

Was the Civil War worth it?

YesYes, the Civil War was worth it in terms of the result of the modern day society in America because throughout the time, the inequalityness changed gradually. Today, there is not a lot of discrimnation against black or not that intense during pre__-Civil Rights Movement__. Between after the Civil War and pre-Civil Rights Movement, it wasn’t really worth it because freed blacks pretty much __lived in conditions that were worse than being enslaved Africans__. Only few of the freed blacks were sucessful economically while others __lived in poverty and a lot of them were in debt to the land owner__. Freed blacks were discrimnated socially, economically, and politcally. It was more intense in the South than in North. In South, the southern state legislatures passed the __“Black Codes”__ which made the southern society a lot like the antebellum society. Socially, freed blacks were __believed to be inferior compare to the whites__ who believed they were suprerior. Therefore, freed blacks were not equal to whites. Freed blacks also didn’t easily get jobs. It was not only because of their race and color. It was also because of that the south economy was unstable that even some whites lived in the same condition as blacks. There were other problems because it pretty much destroyed south and a lot of debts were acculamted to nation debt.

Abdal: The Civil War was worth it because freed blacks wouldn't be able to rise up and do great things like Martin Luther King Jr. leading the Civil Rights Movement. Paul: the end justifies the mean.